Note that Mya is million years ago. For example, "48.6~40.4 Mya" shows a range between 48.6 and 40.4 million years ago. The time range and the epoch are shown in the Geological Time Table.

Phylogenetic Tree of Plants

  • Kingdom Plantae
    • Phylum Rhodophyta (Red algaes)
      • Class Cyanidiophyceae
        • Order Cyanidiales
      • Class Bangiophyceae (Red algaes)
        • Order Bangiales
      • Class Florideophyceae
        • Order Ceramiales
        • Order Corallinales (Coralline algaes)
        • Order Gelidiales
        • Order Gigartinales
        • Order Gracilariales
        • Order Halymeniales
        • Order Nemaliales
        • Order Palmariales
        • Order Rhodymeniales
    • Phylum Heterokontophyta (Heterokonts)
      • Class Bacillariophyceae (Phytoplankton)
      • Class Chrysophyceae (Golden algaes; Single-celled algaes)
      • Class Phaeophyceae (Brown algaes)
        • Order Cutleriales
        • Order Desmarestiales
        • Order Dictyotales
        • Order Ectocarpales
        • Order Fucales
        • Order Ishigeales
        • Order Laminariales (Kelps)
        • Order Scytosiphonales
    • Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algaes)
      • Class Chlorophyceae
        • Order Chaetopeltidales
        • Order Chaetophorales
        • Order Chlorococcales (Phytoplankton)
        • Order Oedogoniales
        • Order Phaeophilales
        • Order Sphaeropleales
        • Order Tetrasporales
        • Order Volvocales (Phytoplankton)
      • Class Trebouxiophyceae
        • Order Chlorellales (Chlorella)
        • Order Prasiolales
      • Class Ulvophyceae
        • Order Cladophorales
        • Order Dasycladales
        • Order Trentepohliales
        • Order Ulotrichales (Phytoplankton)
        • Order Ulvales
      • Class Prasinophyceae
        • Order Chlorodendrales (Phytoplankton)
        • Order Mamiellales (Phytoplankton)
        • Order Pseudoscourfieldiales (Phytoplankton)
      • Class Bryopsidophyceae
        • Order Bryopsidales
    • Phylum Charophyta (Green algaes)
      • Class Mesostigmatophyceae
        • Order Mesostigmatales
      • Class Chlorarachniophyceae
        • Order Chlorokybales (Stoneworts)
      • Class Zygnematophyceae
        • Order Zygnematales
        • Order Desmidiales
      • Class Charophyceae
        • Order Charales
    • Subkingdom Embryophyte (Land plants)
      • Clade Bryophytes (Non-vascular land plants)
        • Phylum Marchantiophyta (Liverworts)
          • Class Haplomitriopsida
            • Order Haplomitriales (Calobryales)
            • Order Treubiales
          • Class Jungermanniopsida
            • Order Metzgeriales (Simple thalloids)
            • Order Jungermanniales (Leafy liverworts)
          • Class Marchantiopsida
            • Order Blasiales
            • Order Sphaerocarpales (Bottle liverworts)
            • Order Marchantiales (Complex thalloids)
        • Phylum Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts)
          • Class Anthocerotopsida
            • Order Anthocerotales
            • Order Dendrocerotales
            • Order Notothyladales
        • Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)
          • Class Takakiopsida
            • Order Takakiales
          • Class Sphagnopsida
            • Order Sphagnales
            • Order Ambuchananiales
          • Class Andreaeopsida
            • Order Andreaeaceae
          • Class Andreaeobryopsida
            • Order Andreaeobryales
          • Class Oedipodiopsida
            • Order Oedipodiales
          • Class Polytrichopsida
            • Order Polytrichales
          • Class Tetraphidopsida
            • Order Tetraphidales
          • Class Bryopsida
            • Subclass Bryidae
              • Order Orthotrichales
              • Order Bryales
              • Order Hypnales
            • Subclass Buxbaumiidae
              • Order Buxbaumiales
            • Subclass Dicranidae
              • Order Archidiales
              • Order Dicranales
              • Order Grimmiales
              • Order Pottiales
              • Order Seligeriales
            • Subclass Diphysciidae
              • Order Diphysciales
            • Subclass Funariidae
              • Order Encalyptales
              • Order Funariales
            • Subclass Timmiidae
              • Order Timmiales
      • Clade Tracheophytes (Vascular plants)
        • Phylum Rhyniophyta
          • Class Rhyniopsida
            • Order Rhyniales
        • Phylum Trimerophytophyta
        • Phylum Lycopodiophyta
          • Class Zosterophyllopsida
          • Class Lycopodiopsida (Clubmosses)
            • Order Drepanophycales
            • Order Lycopodiales
          • Class Isoetopsida (Spikemosses, Quillworts, Scale trees)
            • Order Lepidodendrales (388.1~216.5 Mya)
            • Order Isoetales (Quillworts; 171.6 Mya~)
            • Order Selaginellales (Spikemosses; 318.1 Mya~)
        • Phylum Pteridophyta (Fern)
          • Class Psilotopsida
            • Order Ophioglossales
            • Order Psilotales (Fern-like plants)
          • Class Equisetopsida
            • Order Equisetales (Horsetails; 360.7 Mya~)
          • Class Marattiopsida
            • Order Marattiales (391.9 Mya~)
          • Class Pteridopsida
            • Order Osmundales (Flowering ferns; 237 Mya~)
            • Order Hymenophyllales (Filmy ferns)
            • Order Gleicheniales (251 Mya~)
            • Order Schizaeales (183 Mya~)
            • Order Salviniales (Water ferns; 99.6 Mya~)
            • Order Cyatheales (Tree fern; 228 Mya~)
            • Order Polypodiales (388.1 Mya~)
            • Order Blechnales (237 Mya~)
        • Phylum Progymnospermophyta
          • Class Progymnospermopsida
            • Order Archaeopteridales
        • Clade Spermatophyte (Seed plants)
          • Phylum Gymnosperms
            • Subphylum Pteridospermatophyta (Seed ferns)
                • Order Callistophytales (360.7~260.5 Mya)
                • Order Glossopteridales (279.5~260.5 Mya)
                • Order Caytoniales (237~99.6 Mya)
              • Class Lyginopteridopsida
                • Order Lyginopteridales (388.1~70.6 Mya)
            • Subphylum Pinophyta (Conifers)
              • Class Pinopsida (Conifers; 383.7 Mya~)
                • Order Cordaitales (307.1~245 Mya)
                • Order Voltziales (279.5~203.6 Mya)
                • Order Pinales (360.7 Mya~)
            • Subphylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)
              • Class Spermatopsida
                • Order Bennettitales (302~37.2 Mya)
                • Order Caytoniales (237~99.6 Mya)
              • Class Cycadopsida (302 Mya~)
                • Order Cycadales (268 Mya~)
            • Subphylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)
              • Class Ginkgoopsida (383.7 Mya~)
                • Order Peltaspermales (360.7~99.6 Mya)
                • Order Ginkgoales (251 Mya~)
            • Subphylum Gnetophyta (Gnetae)
              • Class Gnetopsida
                • Order Gnetales
                • Order Welwitschiales
                • Order Ephedrales
          • Phylum Angiospermae (Flowering plants; 161.2 Mya~)
              • Order Amborellales
              • Order Nymphaeales (65.5 Mya~)
              • Order Austrobaileyales
            • Subphylum Mesangiospermae
                • Order Ceratophyllaceae
                • Order Chloranthaceae
              • Class Magnoliidae (145.5 Mya~)
                  • Order Canellales
                  • Order Laurales (145.5 Mya~)
                  • Order Magnoliales (140.2 Mya~)
                  • Order Piperales
              • Class Monocotyledoneae (monocots)
                  • Order Acorales
                  • Order Alismatales (130 Mya~)
                  • Order Asparagales
                  • Order Dioscoreales (99.6 Mya~)
                  • Order Liliales
                  • Order Pandanales
                  • Order Petrosaviales
                • Subclass Commelinids
                  • Order Arecales (83.5~0 mya)
                  • Order Commelinales
                  • Order Poales
                  • Order Zingiberales (70.6 Mya~)
              • Class Eudicotyledoneae (eudicots; 112 Mya~)
                  • Order Ranunculales (112 Mya~)
                  • Order Proteales (112 Mya~)
                  • Order Gunnerales
                  • Order Caryophyllales (55.4 Mya~)
                  • Order Santalales
                  • Order Saxifragales
                • Subclass Rosids
                  • Order Crossosomatales
                  • Order Geraniales (48.6 Mya~)
                  • Order Myrtales (83.5 Mya~)
                  • Infoclass Eurosids I
                    • Order Celastrales (70.6 Mya~)
                    • Order Malpighiales
                    • Order Oxalidales
                    • Order Fabales (99.6 Mya~)
                    • Order Rosales (112 Mya~)
                    • Order Cucurbitales
                    • Order Fagales (112 Mya~)
                  • Infoclass Eurosids II
                    • Order Brassicales
                    • Order Malvales (125 Mya~)
                    • Order Sapindales (89.3 Mya~)
                • Subclass Asterids
                  • Order Cornales (65 Mya~)
                  • Order Ericales (99.6 Mya~)
                  • Infoclass Euasterids I
                    • Order Garryales
                    • Order Solanales (28.4 Mya~)
                    • Order Gentianales (55.4 Mya~)
                    • Order Lamiales (40.4 Mya~)
                  • Infoclass Euasterids II
                    • Order Aquifoliales
                    • Order Apiales (112 Mya~)
                    • Order Dipsacales (89.3 Mya~)
                    • Order Asterales (70.6 Mya~)