Wildlife History

Silurian animals - Animals in the Fossil sites, and Biodiversity

Classified animal picture guide. Clicking the Organism name shows the images, and pointing the Organism name shows the tooltip with three links at the left-top corner.
The Silurian is 3rd era in Paleozoic spanned from 443.7 to 418.1 millon years ago. The explanation in brackets is the ages they lived in extinct species. Note that Mya is million years ago. For example, "48.6～40.4 Mya" shows a range between 48.6 and 40.4 million years ago. The italic and bold figures, e.g. 488, show out of the range. The time range is shown in the Geological Time Table. The followings are a part of the Evolutionary Tree.
Silurian, Early Silurian, Middle Silurian, Late Silurian
The right map is the continents at Middle Silurian provided by C. R. Scotese PALEOMAP Project.
  • Kingdom Plantae (Plant)
    • Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)
      Green algae Receptaculites   (488～250 Mya; GDying①②)
    • Clade Tracheophytes (Vascular plants)
      Vascular plant Cooksonia   (426.2～383.7 Mya; Oldest land plants), Salopella   (422.9～391.9 Mya), Baragwanathia   (422.9～391.9 Mya; Oldest land plant), Zosterophyllum   (421.3～383.7 Mya)
  • Kingdom Animalia
    • Subkingdom Parazoa
      • Phylum Porifera (Sponge)
        Sponge Choia   (542～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Chaetetes   (460.5～145.5 Mya; GDying①②③④), Astylospongia   (445.6～359.2 Mya; GDying①)
    • Subkingdom Eumetazoa
      • Clade Radiata (Diploblastic - Two germ layers)
        • Phylum Cnidaria (Coral, Jelly fish)
          Coral Catenipora   (488.3～418.7 Mya; GDying①), Palaeophyllum   (488.3～418.7 Mya; GDying①), Streptelasma   (488.3～359.2 Mya; GDying①), Zaphrentis   (471.8～260.5 Mya; GDying①②), Heliolites   (460.5～376.1 Mya; GDying①), Syringopora (460.5～290 Mya; GDying①②), Columnaria   (457.5～376.1 Mya; GDying①), Grewingkia   (456.1～428.2 Mya; GDying①), Pleurodictyum   (422.9～345.3 Mya; GDying②), Disphyllum   (428.2～359.2 Mya)
          Jellyfish Sphenothallus   (542～345 Mya; GDying①②), Inocaulis   (490～418.1 Mya; GDying①), Conularia   (468.1～228 Mya; GDying①②③), Paraconularia   (443.7～199.6 Mya; GDying②③)
      • Clade Bilateria (Triploblastic - Three germ layers)
        • Clade Protostomia (First mouth)
          • Phylum Arthropoda (Trilobite, Insect, Crustacean)
            Trilobite Encrinurus   (471.8～412.3 Mya; GDying①), Sphaerocoryphe   (468.1～422.9 Mya; GDying①), Harpes   (466～376.1 Mya; GDying①), Phacops   (460.5～345.3 Mya; GDying①②), Dicranurus   (436～409.1 Mya), Crotalocephalus   (422.9～376.1 Mya), Liocalymene   (443.7～422.9 Mya), Deiphon   (443.7～421.3 Mya), Tapinocalymene   (428.2～422.9 Mya), Onycopyge   (426.2～422.9 Mya)
            Sea scorpion Onychopterella   (449～418.1 Mya; GDying①), Eurypterus   (443.7～391.9 Mya), Carcinosoma   (443.7～391.9 Mya), Pterygotus   (439～359.2 Mya; ２．３m), Mixopterus   (428.2～418.1 Mya), Acutiramus   (422.9～412.3 Mya), Slimonia   (443.7～412.3 Mya), Drepanopterus   (443.7～391.9 Mya)
            Horseshoe
            crab            		 Cyamocephalus   (443.7～418.1 Mya)
            Crustacean Ainiktozoon (422.9～418.7 Mya)
          • Phylum Bryozoa (Moss animals)
            Bryozoa Batostoma   (490～428.2 Mya; GDying①), Constellaria   (490～418.7 Mya; GDying①), Monticulipora   (472～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Stictopora   (466～383.7 Mya; GDying①)
          • Phylum Brachiopoda (Lamp shells)
            Lamp shell Lingulella   (542～409 Mya; GDying①), Rafinesquina   (490～426.2 Mya; GDying①), Strophomena   (490～391.9 Mya; GDying①), (Lingula shells)   (488.3 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), Petrocrania   (471.8～260.5 Mya; GDying①②), Platystrophia   (468.1～418.7 Mya; GDying①), Syringothyris   (422.9～251 Mya; GDying②③), Spiriferina   (422.9～171.6 Mya; GDying②③④), Protochonetes (436～391.9 Mya)
          • Phylum Mollusca (Limpet, Snail, Slug, Octopus, Squid)
            Hyolitha Hyolithes   (530～253.8 Mya; GDying①②), Hyoliths   (530～253.8 Mya; GDying①②)
            Chiton Chelodes   (501～412.3 Mya; GDying①)
            Monoplacophora Tryblidium   (542～421.3 Mya; GDying①), Pilina (428.2～421.3 Mya)
            Gastropoda Maclurites   (488.3～203.6 Mya; GDying①②③), Michelinoceras   (479～203.6 Mya; GDying①②③), Stylonema (436～359.2 Mya)
            Snail (Pagoda shells)   (460.9 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), (Pleurotomaria)   (428.2 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤)
            Cephalopod Orthoceras   (479～203.6 Mya; GDying①②③), Lituites   (466～418.7 Mya; GDying①), Cyrtoceras   (460.5～345.3 Mya; GDying①②)
            Ammonite Actinoceras   (471.8～336 Mya; GDying①②)
            Bivalve (Nut clams)   (479 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), (Astarte)   (460.9 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), (Solemya)   (421.3 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤)
            Tusk shell (Dentalium)   (422.9 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤)
          • Phylum Annelida (Ringed worms)
            Ringed worm Serpulites   (490～388.1 Mya; GDying①), Arabellites   (460.5～353.8 Mya; GDying①②), Eunicites   (460.5～353.8 Mya; GDying①②)
        • Clade Deuterostomia (Second mouth)
          • Phylum Hemichordata (Acorn worms)
            Graptolite Acanthograptus   (542～388.1 Mya; GDying①), Dictyonema   (501～383.7 Mya; GDying①), Callograptus   (501～345 Mya; GDying①②), Climacograptus   (479～418.1 Mya; GDying①), Diplograptus   (466～422.9 Mya; GDying①)
          • Phylum Echinoderm (Sea lily, Sea star, Brittle star, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber)
            Echinoderm Hemicystites   (479～422.9 Mya; GDying①)
            Edrioasteroid Agelacrinites   (460.5～360.7 Mya; GDying①), Rhenopyrgus   (450～409.1 Mya; GDying①)
            Sea bud Lepidocystis   (516～299 Mya; GDying①②), Decaschisma   (436～412.3 Mya), Pseudocrinites (426.2～418.1 Mya)
            Sea lily Glyptocrinus   (471.8～436 Mya; GDying①), Cupulocrinus   (471.8～412.3 Mya; GDying①), Protaxocrinus   (460.5～418.1 Mya; GDying①), Cladochonus   (443.7～260.5 Mya; GDying②), Eucalyptocrinites   (443.7～391.9 Mya), Cyathocrinites   (436～253.8 Mya; GDying②), Lecanocrinus   (436～412.3 Mya), Codiacrinus   (422.9～376.1 Mya)
            Cystoid Cheirocrinus   (490～422.9 Mya; GDying①)
            Brittle star Taeniaster   (468～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Protasterina   (468～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Stenaster   (460.5～428.2 Mya; GDying①), Loriolaster   (443.7～391.9 Mya), Furcaster   (443.7～360.7 Mya)
            Starfish Urasterella   (472～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Palaeaster   (443.7～422.9 Mya)
          • Phylum Chordata
            • Subphylum Vertebrata
              • Superclass Agnatha (Oldest fishes, Hagfish, Lamprey)
                Jawless fish Pteraspis   (466～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Furcacauda   (453～359 Mya; GDying①), Jamoytius   (443.7～422.9 Mya), Thelodus   (443.7～409.1 Mya), Cyathaspis   (428.2～412.3 Mya), Pharyngolepis   (428.2～426.2 Mya), Birkenia   (428.2～418.7 Mya), Ateleaspis   (428.2～418.7 Mya), Hemicyclaspis   (426.2～418.1 Mya), Tremataspis   (426.2～418.7 Mya), Dartmuthia   (422.9～416 Mya), Loganellia   (443.7～418.1 Mya), Paralogania   (443.7～418.1 Mya), Lanarkia   (443.7～418.7 Mya)
                Spiny shark Ischnacanthus   (421.3～409.1 Mya), Nostolepis   (421.3～391.9 Mya)
                Lobe-finned fish Guiyu   (422.9～418.7 Mya; Oldest Lobe-finned fishe)
                Ray-finned fish Andreolepis (421.3～418.1 Mya)