Wildlife History

Devonian animals - Animals in the Fossil sites, and Biodiversity

Classified animal picture guide. Clicking the Organism name shows the images, and pointing the Organism name shows the tooltip with three links at the left-top corner.
The Devonian is 4th era in Paleozoic spanned from 418.1 to 359 million years ago. The explanation in brackets is the ages they lived in extinct species. Note that Mya is million years ago. For example, "48.6～40.4 Mya" shows a range between 48.6 and 40.4 million years ago. The italic and bold figures, e.g. 488, show out of the range. The time range is shown in the Geological Time Table. The followings are a part of the Evolutionary Tree.
Devonian, Early Devonian, Middle Devonian, Late Devonian
The right map is the continents at Early devonian provided by C. R. Scotese PALEOMAP Project.
  • Kingdom Plantae (Plant)
    • Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)
      Green algae Receptaculites   (488～250 Mya; GDying①②), Protosalvinia (376.1～359.2 Mya)
    • Phylum Charophyta (Green algae)
      Green algae Parka (418.7～412.3 Mya)
    • Clade Bryophyte (Non-vascular land plants)
      Non-vascular plant Aglaophyton   (411.2～407 Mya), Tortilicaulis (418.7～412.3 Mya), Horneophyton   (416～397 Mya), Nematothallus (418.7～409.1 Mya)
    • Clade Tracheophytes (Vascular plants)
      Vascular plant Cooksonia   (426.2～383.7 Mya; Oldest land plants), Salopella   (422.9～391.9 Mya), Rhynia   (412.3～391.9 Mya), Trimerophyton   (409.1～391.9 Mya), Psilophyton   (412.3～318.1 Mya; GDying②), Baragwanathia   (422.9～391.9 Mya; Oldest land plant), Zosterophyllum   (421.3～383.7 Mya), Asteroxylon   (412.3～359.2 Mya), Sawdonia   (409.1～383.7 Mya), Barinophyton   (391.9～359.2 Mya), Aneurophyton   (388.1～359.2 Mya), Sigillaria   (388.1～258 Mya; GDying②), Lepidodendron   (388.1～203.6 Mya; GDying②③), Callixylon   (388.1～359.2 Mya), Archaeopteris   (388.1～318.1 Mya; GDying②)
      Fern Caulopteris   (391.9～249.7 Mya; GDying②③), Wattieza   (388.1～383.7 Mya; ８m), Rhacophyton   (388.1～318.1 Mya; GDying②), Pseudosporochnus   (388.1～376.1 Mya), Cladoxylon   (388.1～345.3 Mya; GDying②), Rhacophyton   (388.1-318.1 Mya; GDying②), Sphenopteris   (388.1～70.6 Mya; GDying②③④), Pseudobornia   (383.7～359.2 Mya), Sphenophyllum   (376.1～252.3 Mya; GDying②)
    • Clade Spermatophyte (Seed plants)
      • Phylum Gymnosperms
        Seed plant Moresnetia   (376.1～359.2 Mya; Oldest seed plant), Archaeosperma (376.1～359.2 Mya)
        Conifer Cordaites   (383.7～228 Mya; GDying②③; ３０m)
        Cycad Cyclopteris   (383.7～183 Mya; GDying②③④)
  • Kingdom Animalia
    • Subkingdom Parazoa
      • Phylum Porifera (Sponge)
        Sponge Choia   (542～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Chaetetes   (460.5～145.5 Mya; GDying①②③④), Astylospongia   (445.6～359.2 Mya; GDying①)
    • Subkingdom Eumetazoa
      • Clade Radiata (Diploblastic - Two germ layers)
        • Phylum Cnidaria (Coral, Jelly fish)
          Coral Streptelasma   (488.3～359.2 Mya; GDying①), Zaphrentis   (471.8～260.5 Mya; GDying①②), Heliolites   (460.5～376.1 Mya; GDying①), Syringopora (460.5～290 Mya; GDying①②), Columnaria   (457.5～376.1 Mya; GDying①), Pleurodictyum   (422.9～345.3 Mya; GDying②), Disphyllum   (428.2～359.2 Mya), Aulocystis   (418.7～376.1 Mya), Hexagonaria   (412.3～376.1 Mya), Michelinia   (409.1～251 Mya; GDying②), (Fire corals)   (388.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤)
          Jellyfish Sphenothallus   (542～345 Mya; GDying①②), Conularia   (468.1～228 Mya; GDying①②③), Paraconularia   (443.7～199.6 Mya; GDying②③)
      • Clade Bilateria (Triploblastic - Three germ layers)
        • Clade Protostomia (First mouth)
          • Phylum Arthropoda (Trilobite, Insect, Crustacean)
            Anomalocaridid Schinderhannes   (409.1～391.9 Mya)
            Trilobite Encrinurus   (471.8～412.3 Mya; GDying①), Harpes   (466～376.1 Mya; GDying①), Phacops   (460.5～345.3 Mya; GDying①②), Dicranurus   (436～409.1 Mya), Crotalocephalus   (422.9～376.1 Mya), Huntoniatonia   (418.1～412.3 Mya), Crotalocephalina   (418.1～388.1 Mya), Terataspis   (409.1～391.9 Mya; ６０cm), Erbenochile   (409.1-391.9 Mya), Walliserops   (407～398 Mya)
            Sea scorpion Eurypterus   (443.7～391.9 Mya), Carcinosoma   (443.7～391.9 Mya), Pterygotus   (439～359.2 Mya; ２．３m), Acutiramus   (422.9～412.3 Mya), Stylonurus   (418.7～412.3 Mya), Adelophthalmus   (418.1～251 Mya; GDying②), Jaekelopterus   (409.1～391.9 Mya)
            Horseshoe
            crab            		 Bunaia (418.7～418.1 Mya), Weinbergina   (409.1～391.9 Mya)
            Spider Palaeocharinus   (412.3～391.9 Mya), Gigantocharinus   (376.1～359.2 Mya)
            Insect Rhyniognatha   (412.3～391.9 Mya), Rhyniella   (412.3～391.9 Mya)
            Shrimp Palaeopalaemon (376.1～360.7 Mya)
          • Phylum Bryozoa (Moss animals)
            Bryozoa Monticulipora   (472～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Stictopora   (466～383.7 Mya; GDying①)
          • Phylum Brachiopoda (Lamp shells)
            Lamp shell Lingulella   (542～409 Mya; GDying①), Strophomena   (490～391.9 Mya; GDying①), (Lingula shells)   (488.3 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), Petrocrania   (471.8～260.5 Mya; GDying①②), Syringothyris   (422.9～251 Mya; GDying②③), Spiriferina   (422.9～171.6 Mya; GDying②③④), Cyrtospirifer   (391.9～305 Mya; GDying②)
          • Phylum Mollusca (Limpet, Snail, Slug, Octopus, Squid)
            Hyolitha Hyolithes   (530～253.8 Mya; GDying①②), Hyoliths   (530～253.8 Mya; GDying①②)
            Chiton Chelodes   (501～412.3 Mya; GDying①)
            Gastropoda Maclurites   (488.3～203.6 Mya; GDying①②③), Michelinoceras   (479～203.6 Mya; GDying①②③), Stylonema (436～359.2 Mya), Bellerophon   (388.1～251 Mya; GDying②)
            Snail (Pagoda shells)   (460.9 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), (Pleurotomaria)   (428.2 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Cypraecassis)   (391.9 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Natica)   (388.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Turbo)   (388 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤)
            Cephalopod Orthoceras   (479～203.6 Mya; GDying①②③), Cyrtoceras   (460.5～345.3 Mya; GDying①②), Bactrites   (418.1～260.5 Mya; GDying②)
            Ammonite Actinoceras   (471.8～336 Mya; GDying①②), Goniatites   (409.1～332.9 Mya; GDying②), Soliclymenia   (385.3～359.2 Mya), Clymenia   (376.1～359.2 Mya)
            Bivalve (Nut clams)   (479 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), (Astarte)   (460.9 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), (Solemya)   (421.3 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Mytilus)   (418.7 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Pteria)   (418.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), Aviculopecten   (409.1～216.5 Mya; GDying②③), (Lucina)   (388.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Cucullaea)   (376.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤)
            Tusk shell (Dentalium)   (422.9 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤)
          • Phylum Annelida (Ringed worms)
            Ringed worm Serpulites   (490～388.1 Mya; GDying①), Arabellites   (460.5～353.8 Mya; GDying①②), Eunicites   (460.5～353.8 Mya; GDying①②)
        • Clade Deuterostomia (Second mouth)
          • Phylum Hemichordata (Acorn worms)
            Graptolite Acanthograptus   (542～388.1 Mya; GDying①), Dictyonema   (501～383.7 Mya; GDying①), Callograptus   (501～345 Mya; GDying①②)
          • Phylum Echinoderm (Sea lily, Sea star, Brittle star, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber)
            Echinoderm Rhenocystis   (409.1～391.9 Mya)
            Edrioasteroid Agelacrinites   (460.5～360.7 Mya; GDying①), Rhenopyrgus   (450～409.1 Mya; GDying①)
            Sea bud Lepidocystis   (516～299 Mya; GDying①②), Decaschisma   (436～412.3 Mya), Mesoblastus   (376.1～353.8 Mya; GDying②), Orophocrinus   (376.1～339.4 Mya; GDying②)
            Sea lily Cupulocrinus   (471.8～412.3 Mya; GDying①), Cladochonus   (443.7～260.5 Mya; GDying②), Eucalyptocrinites   (443.7～391.9 Mya), Cyathocrinites   (436～253.8 Mya; GDying②), Lecanocrinus   (436～412.3 Mya), Codiacrinus   (422.9～376.1 Mya), Cupressocrinites   (418.1～359.2 Mya), Parisocrinus   (418.1～345 Mya; GDying②), Camptocrinus   (418.1～284 Mya; GDying②), Gilbertsocrinus   (418.1～345.3 Mya; GDying②), Synbathocrinus   (388.1～284 Mya; GDying②), Pachylocrinus   (376.1～345.3 Mya; GDying②), Forbesiocrinus   (376.1～342.8 Mya; GDying②), Platycrinites   (376.1～260.5 Mya; GDying②)
            Brittle star Taeniaster   (468～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Protasterina   (468～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Loriolaster   (443.7～391.9 Mya), Furcaster   (443.7～360.7 Mya), Ophiurina   (409.1～391.9 Mya), Kentrospondylus   (409.1～391.9 Mya), Stephanoura (376.1～360.7 Mya)
            Starfish Urasterella   (472～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Eospondylus   (412.3～383.7 Mya), Onychaster   (376.1～332.9 Mya; GDying②)
            Sea cucumber Achistrum   (409.1～99.6 Mya; GDying②③④)
          • Phylum Chordata (Vertebrates, Tunicates)
            Chordata Palaeospondylus   (397～385 Mya)
            • Subphylum Vertebrata
              • Superclass Agnatha (Oldest fishes, Hagfish, Lamprey)
                Jawless fish Pteraspis   (466～391.9 Mya; GDying①), Furcacauda   (453～359 Mya; GDying①), Thelodus   (443.7～409.1 Mya), Cyathaspis   (428.2～412.3 Mya), Dartmuthia   (422.9～416 Mya), Ctenaspis   (418.1～412.3 Mya), Cephalaspis   (418.1～391.9 Mya), Boreaspis   (416～397 Mya), Doryaspis   (416～407 Mya), Drepanaspis   (409.1～391.9 Mya), Pituriaspis   (397～385 Mya), Pycnosteus   (391.9～388.1 Mya), Psammolepis   (391.9～383.7 Mya), Tartuosteus   (391.9～376.1 Mya), Endeiolepis   (374～359 Mya), Euphanerops   (374～359 Mya)
              • Infraphylum Gnathostomata (Jawed vertebrates)
                • Class Placodermi (extinct group; 418.1～245 Mya) Armoured fish
                  Armoured fish Phyllolepis   (418.1～359 Mya), Brindabellaspis   (416～397 Mya), Murrindalaspis   (416-397 Mya), Stensioella   (416-397 Mya), Lunaspis   (409.1～391.9 Mya), Gemuendina   (409.1～391.9 Mya), Coccosteus   (409.1～391.9 Mya), Eastmanosteus   (397～385 Mya), Pterichthyodes   (392～386 Mya), Rolfosteus   (385.3～374.5 Mya), Campbellodus   (385.3～374.5 Mya), Materpiscis   (385.3～374.5 Mya), Plourdosteus   (383.7～376.1 Mya), Bothriolepis   (376.1～359.2 Mya), Dunkleosteus   (376.1～359.2 Mya), Turrisaspis   (374～359 Mya)
                • ClassChondrichthyes (Ray, Shark; 466 Mya～) Cartilaginous fish
                  Cartilaginous fish Cladoselache   (376.1～359.2 Mya; Primitive shark)
                  Shark Ctenacanthus   (409.1～251 Mya; GDying②)
                • Class Acanthodii (extinct group; 421.3～255 Mya) Spiny sharks
                  Spiny shark Ischnacanthus   (421.3～409.1 Mya), Nostolepis   (421.3～391.9 Mya), Climatius   (418.7～412.3 Mya), Parexus   (416～397 Mya), Acanthodes   (409.1～284 Mya; GDying②), Cheiracanthus   (390～380 Mya)
                • Superclass Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
                  • Class Sarcopterygii (Four-limbed vertebrate, Coelacanth, Lungfish; 422.9 Mya～) Lobe-finned fish
                    Lobe-finned fish Guiyu   (422.9～418.7 Mya; Oldest Lobe-finned fishe)
                    Tetrapodomorpha Osteolepis   (400～380 Mya), Ventastega   (385.3～374.5 Mya), Gogonasus   (385.3～374.5 Mya), Eusthenopteron   (385.3～374.5 Mya), Holoptychius   (383.7～359.2 Mya), Panderichthys   (383.7～376.1 Mya; Amphibia like), Tiktaalik   (383.7～376.1 Mya), Sauripterus   (377～362 Mya; From fins to fingers), Cabonnichthys   (374.5～359.2 Mya), Hyneria   (374.5～359.2 Mya; ４m), Quebecius   (374～359 Mya), Canowindra   (374～359 Mya)
                    Coelacanth Miguashaia   (418.1～397 Mya), Indonesian coelacanth   (410 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), Comorese coelacanth   (410 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤)
                    Lungfish Dipnorhynchus   (409.1～391.9 Mya), Scaumenacia   (385.3～374.5 Mya), Dipterus   (376.1～359.2 Mya)
                  • Class Actinopterygii (Most living fishes; 421.3 Mya～) Ray-finned fish
                    Ray-finned fish Cheirolepis   (380.8～367 Mya)
                • Class Amphibia
                  Primitive amphibia Elginerpeton   (385.3～374.5 Mya; Primitive tetrapoda), Ichthyostega   (374.5～359.2 Mya), Hynerpeton   (374.5～359.2 Mya), Obruchevichthys   (374.5～359.2 Mya; Primitive tetrapoda), Acanthostega   (374.5～359.2 Mya), Tulerpeton   (374.5～359.2 Mya)