Wildlife History

Permian animals - Animals in the Fossil sites, and Biodiversity

Classified animal picture guide. Clicking the Organism name shows the images, and pointing the Organism name shows the tooltip with three links at the left-top corner.
The Permian is final era in Paleozoic spanned from 299 to 254 million years ago. Large reptiles and amphibias appeared in the Periman. The early ancestors to mammals and the ancestors to most modern reptile appeared. The most extensive extinction event occurred at the end of the Periman. The explanation in brackets is the ages they lived in extinct species. Note that Mya is million years ago. For example, "48.6～40.4 Mya" shows a range between 48.6 and 40.4 million years ago. The italic and bold figures, e.g. 488, show out of the range. The time range is shown in the Geological Time Table. The followings are a part of the Evolutionary Tree.
Periman, Early Permian, Middle Permian, Late Permian
The right map is the continents at Late Permian provided by C. R. Scotese PALEOMAP Project.
  • Kingdom Plantae (Plant)
    • Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)
      Green algae Receptaculites   (488～250 Mya; GDying①②), Stigmaria   (359.2～253.8 Mya; GDying②), Calamostachys   (326.4～265 Mya; GDying②), Sigillariostrobus (307.1～272.5 Mya)
    • Clade Tracheophytes (Vascular plants)
      Vascular plant Sigillaria   (388.1～258 Mya; GDying②), Lepidodendron   (388.1～203.6 Mya; GDying②③), Calamites   (326.4～171.6 Mya; GDying③④), (Selaginella)   (318.1 Mya～; GDying③④⑤)
      Fern Caulopteris   (391.9～249.7 Mya; GDying②③), Sphenopteris   (388.1～70.6 Mya; GDying②③④), Sphenophyllum   (376.1～252.3 Mya; GDying②), Eremopteris   (359.2～272.5 Mya), Alloiopteris (359.2～284 Mya), Annularia   (359.2～245 Mya; GDying③), Equisetites   (359.2～99.6 Mya; GDying③④), (Horsetails)   (359.2 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), Pecopteris   (326.4～11.1 Mya; GDying③④⑤), Psaronius   (318.1～253.8 Mya), Dicksonites   (307.1～290 Mya), Neocalamites   (299～155.7 Mya; GDying③④), Cladophlebis   (284～70.6 Mya; GDying③④), Coniopteris   (279.5～99.6 Mya; GDying③④), Todites   (272.5～145.5 Mya; GDying③④), (Dicksonia)   (268 Mya～; Great Dying③④⑤)
    • Clade Spermatophyte (Seed plants)
      • Phylum Gymnosperms
        Conifer Cordaites   (383.7～228 Mya; GDying②③; ３０m), Araucarioxylon   (359.2～61.7 Mya; GDying③④⑤), Walchia (307.1～251 Mya), Lebachia   (,305～161.2 Mya; GDying③④), Brachyphyllum   (284～70.6 Mya; GDying③④), Podozamites   (279.5～99.6 Mya; GDying③④), Voltzia   (279.5～203.6 Mya; GDying③), Glossopteris   (279.5～145.5 Mya; GDying③④), Pagiophyllum   (260.5～99.6 Mya; GDying③④)
        Cycad Cyclopteris   (383.7～183 Mya; GDying②③④), Alethopteris   (359.2～112 Mya; GDying③④), Neuropteris   (349.5～145.5 Mya; GDying③④), Pterophyllum   (302～99.6 Mya; GDying③④⑤), Nilsonia   (268～65.5 Mya; GDying③④)
        Ginkgo Trichopitys   (318.1～155.7 Mya; GDying③④), Ginkgoites   (299～99.6 Mya; GDying③④), Sphenobaiera   (299～99.6 Mya; GDying③④), Peltaspermum   (279.5～199.6 Mya; GDying③)
  • Kingdom Animalia
    • Subkingdom Parazoa
      • Phylum Porifera (Sponge)
        Sponge Chaetetes   (460.5～145.5 Mya; GDying①②③④)
    • Subkingdom Eumetazoa
      • Clade Radiata (Diploblastic - Two germ layers)
        • Phylum Cnidaria (Coral, Jelly fish)
          Coral Zaphrentis   (471.8～260.5 Mya; GDying①②), Syringopora (460.5～290 Mya; GDying①②), Michelinia   (409.1～251 Mya; GDying②), (Fire corals)   (388.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), Petalaxis (326.4～279.5 Mya)
          Jellyfish Conularia   (468.1～228 Mya; GDying①②③), Paraconularia   (443.7～199.6 Mya; GDying②③), Heterastridium   (268～199.6 Mya; GDying③)
      • Clade Bilateria (Triploblastic - Three germ layers)
        • Clade Protostomia (First mouth)
          • Phylum Arthropoda (Trilobite, Insect, Crustacean)
            Trilobite Ditomopyge (345.3～253.8 Mya), Ameura (326.4～290 Mya), Pseudophillipsia (302～251 Mya), Anisopyge (279.5～260.5 Mya), Timoraspis (265～260.5 Mya), Acropyge (265～260.5 Mya), Iranaspidion (265～260.5 Mya)
            Sea scorpion Adelophthalmus   (418.1～251 Mya; GDying②), Campylocephalus (359.2～251 Mya), Hibbertopterus   (318.1～251 Mya), Hastimima (299～251 Mya)
            Horseshoe
            crab            		 Liomesaspis   (318.1～270 Mya), Paleolimulus   (290～279.5 Mya)
            Spider Arthrolycosa   (300～250 Mya)
            Insect Chelopterum   (284～279.5 Mya), Lemmatophora   (284～279.5 Mya), Lecorium (284～279.5 Mya), Liomopterum   (284～279.5 Mya), Probnis   (284～279.5 Mya), Protereisma   (284～279.5 Mya), Asthenohymen   (284～279.5 Mya), Protohymen   (284～279.5 Mya), Permopanorpa (284～279.5 Mya), Paraprisca (284～272.5 Mya)
            Mayfly Actinohymen (284～279.5 Mya), Palaeothemis (272.5～268 Mya)
            Dragonfly Oligotypus (313.4～279.5 Mya), Megatypus (284～279.5 Mya), Meganeuropsis   (284～279.5 Mya; ７１cm), Progoneura (284～279.5 Mya), Arctotypus (279.5～260.5 Mya)
            Grasshopper Crinoedischia (284～279.5 Mya)
            Cockroach Permoblattina (284～279.5 Mya)
            Thrip Cyphoneurodes (284～279.5 Mya), Lophioneura (253.8～251 Mya)
            True bug Archescytina (284～279.5 Mya), Permopsylla (284～279.5 Mya), Mitchelloneura (253.8～251 Mya)
            Beetle Permosyne (260.5～251 Mya)
            Lacewing Permorapisma (260.5～251 Mya)
            Crustacean Cyclus   (299～290 Mya)
            Shrimp Erymastacus   (260.5～255 Mya)
          • Phylum Brachiopoda (Lamp shells)
            Lamp shell (Lingula shells)   (488.3 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), Petrocrania   (471.8～260.5 Mya; GDying①②), Syringothyris   (422.9～251 Mya; GDying②③), Spiriferina   (422.9～171.6 Mya; GDying②③④), Neospirifer (339.4～251 Mya), Collemataria (284～260.5 Mya), Hercosestria (279.5～268 Mya)
          • Phylum Mollusca (Limpet, Snail, Slug, Octopus, Squid)
            Hyolitha Hyolithes   (530～253.8 Mya; GDying①②), Hyoliths   (530～253.8 Mya; GDying①②)
            Gastropoda Maclurites   (488.3～203.6 Mya; GDying①②③), Michelinoceras   (479～203.6 Mya; GDying①②③), Bellerophon   (388.1～251 Mya; GDying②)
            Snail (Pagoda shells)   (460.9 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), (Pleurotomaria)   (428.2 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Cypraecassis)   (391.9 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Natica)   (388.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Turbo)   (388 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Trochus)   (268 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), (Potamides)   (265 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), (Chemnitzia)   (260.5 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), (Phasianella)   (253.8 Mya～; GDying③④⑤)
            Cephalopod Orthoceras   (479～203.6 Mya; GDying①②③), Bactrites   (418.1～260.5 Mya; GDying②)
            Nautilus (Nautilus)   (359.2 Mya～; GDying③④⑤)
            Ammonite Araxoceras   (260.5～251 Mya), Cyclolobus (258～251 Mya)
            Octopus Pohlsepia (296 Mya)
            Bivalve (Nut clams)   (479 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), (Astarte)   (460.9 Mya～; GDying①②③④⑤), (Ark clams)   (268 Mya～; GDying④⑤), (Solemya)   (421.3 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Mytilus)   (418.7 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Pteria)   (418.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), Aviculopecten   (409.1～216.5 Mya; GDying②③), (Lucina)   (388.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Cucullaea)   (376.1 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Pecten)   (349.5 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), (Pinna)   (349.5 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), (File shells)   (312 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), (Anomia)   (268 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), (Chlamys)   (265 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), (Isognomon)   (253.8 Mya～; GDying③④⑤)
            Tusk shell (Dentalium)   (422.9 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), (Fissidentalium)   (359.2 Mya～; GDying③④⑤), (Antalis)   (345.3 Mya～; GDying③④⑤)
        • Clade Deuterostomia (Second mouth)
          • Phylum Echinoderm (Sea lily, Sea star, Brittle star, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber)
            Sea bud Deltoblastus (284～279.5 Mya), Timoroblastus   (284～279.5 Mya), Thaumatoblastus   (284～279.5 May)
            Sea lily Cladochonus   (443.7～260.5 Mya; GDying②), Cyathocrinites   (436～253.8 Mya; GDying②), Camptocrinus   (418.1～284 Mya; GDying②), Synbathocrinus   (388.1～284 Mya; GDying②), Platycrinites   (376.1～260.5 Mya; GDying②), Actinocrinites (359.2～284 Mya), Allocatillocrinus   (336～279.5 Mya), Calceolispongia   (290～265 Mya)
            Starfish (Ophioderma)   (253.8 Mya～; GDying③④⑤)
            Sea urchin Miocidaris   (272.5～196.5 Mya; GDying③④)
            Sea cucumber Achistrum   (409.1～99.6 Mya; GDying②③④)
          • Phylum Chordata (Vertebrates, Tunicates)
            • Subphylum Vertebrata
              • Superclass Agnatha (Oldest fishes, Hagfish, Lamprey)
              • Infraphylum Gnathostomata (Jawed vertebrates)
                • Class Placodermi (extinct group; 418.1～245 Mya) Armoured fish
                • Class Chondrichthyes (Ray, Shark; 466 Mya～) Cartilaginous fish
                  Cartilaginous fish Listracanthus   (326.4～245 Mya; GDying③), Edestus   (318.1～260.5 Mya), Parahelicoprion   (299～270 Mya), Fadenia   (299～251 Mya), Sarcoprion   (299～251 Mya), Helicoprion   (279.5～268 Mya), Megactenopetalus (279.5～268 Mya,279.5～268 Mya)
                  Shark Ctenacanthus   (409.1～251 Mya; GDying②), Stethacanthus   (326.4～279.5 Mya), Janassa   (326.4～260.5 Mya), Orodus   (302～290 Mya), Cobelodus   (299～279.5 Mya), Xenacanthus   (299～203.6 Mya; GDying③), Orthacanthus   (299～65.5 Mya; GDying③④), Symmorium   (272.5～268 Mya), Hybodus   (268～65.5 Mya; GDying③④), Glikmanius   (265～260.5 Mya), Wodnika   (258～251 Mya)
                • Class Acanthodii (extinct group; 421.3～255 Mya) Spiny sharks
                  Spiny shark Acanthodes   (409.1～284 Mya; GDying②)
                • Superclass Osteichthyes (Bony fish)
                  • Class Sarcopterygii (Four-limbed vertebrate, Coelacanth, Lungfish; 422.9 Mya～) Lobe-finned fish
                    Tetrapodomorpha Ectosteorhachis   (299～272.5 Mya)
                    Coelacanth Indonesian coelacanth   (410 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), Comorese coelacanth   (410 Mya～; GDying②③④⑤), Allenypterus   (354～290 Mya), Coelacanthus   (299～145 Mya; GDying③④)
                  • Class Actinopterygii (Most living fishes; 421.3 Mya～) Ray-finned fish
                    Ray-finned fish Aeduella (299～284 Mya), Amblypterus (297.5～258 Mya), Saurichthys   (258～164.7 Mya; GDying③④)
                  • Class Amphibia
                    Primitive amphibia Eryops   (305～272.5 Mya), Batropetes (299～290 Mya), Platyhystrix   (299～284 Mya; Large sail on back), Edops (299～270 Mya), Dasyceps   (299～270 Mya), Cheliderpeton   (299～270 Mya), Rhynchonkos   (299～270 Mya), Saxonerpeton   (299～270 Mya), Diploceraspis   (299–270 Mya; Body like arrow), Apateon (290～284 Mya), Zatrachys   (290～272.5 Mya), Diadectes   (290～272.5 Mya; Ancestors of amniotes), Lysorophus   (284～272.5 Mya; Snake-like amphibia), Seymouria   (284～272.5 Mya; Many reptilian features), Cardiocephalus   (284～272.5 Mya), Diplocaulus   (284～253.8 Mya; Body like arrow), Gerobatrachus   (279.5～272.5 Mya), Cacops   (279.5～272.5 Mya), Pelodosotis   (279.5～272.5 Mya), Pantylus   (279.5～272.5 Mya), Prionosuchus   (270 Mya; ９m), Peltobatrachus   (270.6～268 Mya), Dvinosaurus   (265～251 Mya)
                    Ancestor of reptile Diasparactus   (305～279.5 Mya), Limnoscelis   (305～279.5 Mya), Discosauriscus   (299～284 Mya), Archeria (299～272.5 Mya), Tseajaia (299～272.5 Mya), Kotlassia   (299～270 Mya), Utegenia (299～251 Mya), Ariekanerpeton (297.5～258 Mya), Macroleter (272.5～265 Mya), Tokosaurus (272.5～265 Mya), Uralerpeton   (258～251 Mya), Bystrowiana   (258～251 Mya), Karpinskiosaurus   (258～251 Mya), Chroniosuchus   (255 Mya)
                  • Class Synapsida (Mammal-like reptiles)
                    • Order Pelycosauria (318.1～255 Mya)
                      Mammal-like reptile Clepsydrops   (312～272.5 Mya), Haptodus   (305～284 Mya), Oedaleops   (305～279.5 Mya), Ophiacodon   (305～272.5 Mya), Edaphosaurus   (302～272.5 Mya; Large sail on back), Sphenacodon   (299～279.5 Mya), Dimetrodon   (290～272.5 Mya; Large sail on back), Ctenospondylus   (284～279.5 Mya), Secodontosaurus   (279.5～272.5 Mya; Large sail on back), Tetraceratops   (279.5～272.5 Mya), Casea   (279.5～272.5 Mya), Cotylorhynchus   (279.5～268 Mya)
                    • Order Therapsida (279.5～183 Mya)
                      Mammal-like reptile Jonkeria   (270 Mya), Estemmenosuchus   (270～265 Mya; Clumsy-looking with horn), Ulemosaurus   (268～260.5 Mya), Anteosaurus   (266～260 Mya), Titanophoneus   (265～260 Mya), Struthiocephalus   (265～260 Mya), Suminia   (265～255 Mya), Inostrancevia   (265～251 Mya), Cistecephalus   (260.5～253.8 Mya), Oudenodon   (260.5～253.8 Mya), Parathrinaxodon (260.5～253.8 Mya), Lycaenops   (258 Mya; Mammal's features to walk), Diictodon   (258～253.8 Mya), Dicynodon   (258～216.5 Mya; GDying③), Biarmosuchus   (255 Mya), Eotitanosuchus   (255 Mya), Moschops   (255 Mya), Procynosuchus   (255 Mya), Gorgonops   (255～250 Mya), Thrinaxodon   (255～245 Mya; GDying③), Lystrosaurus   (255～241 Mya; GDying③), Burnetia   (253 Mya)
                  • Class Sauropsida (Non mammal-like reptiles)
                    • Subclass Anapsida (No arch near the temples)
                      Primitive reptile Bolosaurus (299～272.5 Mya), Protorothyris   (299～290 Mya), Pareiasaurus   (299～252.3 Mya), Belebay (299～251 Mya), Eudibamus   (284～279.5 Mya), Captorhinus   (284～272.5 Mya), Eocaptorhinus (284～272.5 Mya), Labidosaurus   (279.5～272.5 Mya), Labidosaurikos   (279.5～272.5 Mya), Eunotosaurus   (265～260.5 Mya; Turtle-like reptile), Milleretta   (253.8～251 Mya), Millerosaurus   (253.8～251 Mya)
                      Marine reptile Mesosaurus   (284～279.5 Mya), Brazilosaurus   (284～279.5 Mya), Stereosternum   (284～279.5 Mya)
                      Primitive turtle Elginia   (299～270 Mya), Nanopareia   (299～251 Mya), Bradysaurus   (265～260.5 Mya), Provelosaurus   (265～260.5 Mya), Deltavjatia   (265～258 Mya), Arganaceras   (260.5～253.8 Mya), Owenetta   (260.5～245 Mya; GDying③), Scutosaurus   (258～251 Mya)
                    • Subclass Diapsida (Two arches near the temples)
                      Primitive reptile Araeoscelis   (284～272.5 Mya), Coelurosauravus   (258～251 Mya; Winged glider)
                      Marine reptile Younginia (260.5～253.8 Mya), Thadeosaurus   (254～251 Mya)
                      Archosaurs Chirotherium   (265～189.6 Mya; GDying③④), Archosaurus   (258～251 Mya), Protorosaurus   (258～251 Mya)